使用vpn实例和划分不同vlan使用，是不是很像，vpn实例到底是做什么用的？
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VLAN（虚拟局域网）
- 层级：工作在二层（数据链路层）
- 作用：
- 逻辑隔离广播域，将物理网络划分为多个虚拟子网。
- 控制同一交换机/路由器端口间的通信权限（如禁止VLAN1与VLAN2互访）。
- 配置特点：
- 通过端口划分（
port access vlan）或子接口（vlan-type dot1q）绑定VLAN。 - 需依赖防火墙策略实现跨VLAN访问控制（如ER路由器需通过出站策略限制互访）。
- 通过端口划分（
- 典型应用：
隔离部门网络、终端分组（如不同业务终端划分不同VLAN）。
vpn-instance（VPN实例）
- 层级：工作在三层（网络层）
- 作用：
- 创建独立的路由表和转发空间，实现多租户网络隔离。
- 支持跨广域网的私有路由传递（如MPLS VPN）。
- 配置特点：
- 需定义路由标识符（
route-distinguisher）和路由目标（vpn-target）。 - 接口绑定实例（
ip binding vpn-instance），并分配私有IP地址。 - 支持多协议路由（如OSPF/BGP多实例）引入或复制路由。
- 需定义路由标识符（
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